当代学者型书法家的典型——郭沫若
当代学者型书法家的典型——郭沫若
■李 哲
http://zjdaily.zjol.com.cn/msb/images/2007-09/22/mszb2007092200031v01b006.jpg
“学者型书法家”这个概念曾一度是中国书坛的一个学术热点,炒得沸沸扬扬,争得面红耳赤,至今还常有一些议论见诸相关媒体。据笔者观察,当下,这个问题已有了新的苗头与发展,或者是被置换、分化。议来议去,似乎这成了一个很“玄”而且“悬”的问题。
造成这种局面的原因其实很明显,无非是几个利益集团都只站在各自的利益场上说话而已。“学者型书法家”难做,不管哪个利益集团的人,想占领这个高地一时都难以得逞,既为鸡肋,那就干脆撇开它,另辟蹊径,别寻至味。明显的、具有代表性的有两类:认为自己“文化”可以的人就说书法首先是“文化”的,没有文化,书法就没有了价值担当,如 “文化书法”等;认为自己“技法”了得的,就说书法首先是“技法”的,或美其名曰“艺术”,他们认为没有了技法,也就没有了书法的根本,如“艺术书法”等。彼此各执一端,当然议不到一起去。至今已经发展到了撇开“型”的阶段,干脆直接在延续了千年的书法头上,戴上这样或那样的五彩缤纷的“酸酸甜甜”的帽子,不知这些举动是属于传统意义上的黄婆卖瓜,还是当代意义上的二奶专家?
其实,在一个层面简单地大谈“学者型书法家”理论必定是空洞的,要谈这个问题,必须结合历史与时代、理论与现实、时间与空间、抽象与具体来谈论,否则很难脱离泛泛而论、隔靴搔痒的窠臼,容易犯形而上的错误。
结合郭沫若先生,再来回顾一下这个“学者型书法家”,或许不无裨益。
郭沫若先生是文化人,可能没有人会说不;郭沫若是大学者,并且也是书法学者,也是勿庸置疑的;郭沫若是不是书法家呢?我想,目前中国的书法精英们也没有任何理由说他不是一个书法家,在某种层面来说,郭沫若先生还是一个十分出色的书法家。那他是不是一个“学者型书法家”?愚以为:是,道理很简单,在他实践与取得的成果的层面来说,如果郭沫若不是“学者型书法家”的话,当代中国的书法家中恐怕也没有人敢称自己是“学者型书法家”了。
首先,作为一个“学者型书法家”,郭沫若先生丰富的社会实践经历与情感世界等叠加、融合进作品里,形成了“人剑合一”的、常人难以企及的高度与永久的记忆。情感,是诗人的生命,作为诗人,郭沫若在“五四”时期发表了《女神》等新诗作品,成为中国新诗的奠基人。1914年春赴日本留学,初到日本时,遭受的各类歧视与婚事的失意,使郭沫若一度消沉、苦闷。此时期,他接触了《王文成公全书》,因此深受王阳明主观唯心主义哲学的影响,后由王阳明学说上溯老庄哲学、孔孟哲学,外及印度哲学。在诗歌方面,他开始接触印度诗人伽毕尔、泰戈尔的诗,继而又喜欢上了德国诗人海涅、歌德,又由歌德到荷兰哲学家斯宾诺莎的著作;到“五四”时期,他又开始接触康德、尼采的作品及弗洛依德的精神分析学说等。由中而外,中外兼学,使郭沫若前期的思想异常复杂。1921年6月,他和成仿吾、郁达夫等人组织创造社,编辑《创造季刊》;1924年到1927年间,他创作了历史剧《王昭君》、《卓文君》等;1924年以后,他开始接受马克思主义思想,并倡导革命文学;1926年,他参加北伐战争;1927年他写了《请看今日之蒋介石》,在人民群众中产生重大影响,同年,参加南昌起义并加入了中国***;1928年,因被蒋介石政府通缉,他避难于日本,其痛苦、寂寞是可以想象的,他与日本姑娘安娜成婚,开始致力于中国古代史和古文字学的研究工作。抗战爆发后,他别妻抛雏潜回祖国,投身抗日救亡运动。这一时期,他写了《屈原》、《虎符》、《棠棣之花》、《孔雀胆》等历史剧及大量诗文,深刻揭露了***的卖国投降政策,极大地激励了全国人民的革命斗志;1930年,他加入中国左翼作家联盟,参加“左联”东京支部活动;1944年,他又发表了《甲申三百年祭》,对李自成领导的明末农民起义失败的历史经验进行了总结,当时被作为中国***的学习整风文件;1949年北平解放后,他被选举为中国文联主席,发表了《蔡文姬》等历史剧作。
一部部厚重的著作记录了郭沫若先生丰富阅历与情感历程。从求学到参加革命活动,从事业到家庭,从政坛到文坛,从国内到国外,显晦于风光与落寞、得意与失意之间,他的情感起起落落,有时甚至是无比压抑的,他晚年写的一些附合世俗的文字就可佐证,这些在中国文化界也成为一个反面例证。在这一点上来说,他与弘一法师后期走的是不同的道路,因为其人生观也是不一样的,一个是入世,一个是出世,所以,其艺术风格与归属也肯定是不一样的。
对于艺术家来说,情感上的挫折与磨难往往是一种财富,是创造优秀、伟大的作品的加速器与发酵剂。郭沫若先生的理想与追求在风云变幻中历经诸多艰辛与磨难,其丰富情感与经历是最可贵的,加重了他作品的份量,这是许多“为赋新诗强说愁”的人所不具备的。
其次,作为一个“学者型书法家”,郭沫若先生的书法有自己独特的审美意趣与艺术风貌。他在书法艺术上的探索、实践前后达七十余年时间,其行草书法被世人誉为“郭体”,在现、当代书法史上占有重要地位。青少年时期的郭沫若心仪“东坡体”,并受到当时民国时期碑帖相结合的书风影响,这种影响也贯串在他以后所有的书法作品中。在日本期间,他研究甲骨、金文等文字造型符号,无疑在认识与实践上都让他的书法走向纵深与本源。抗战时期,郭沫若先生对“二王”帖学系统的营养的吸收也是积极的,其字型结体、笔法运转、章法行气等,都有了新的面目。格调刚柔并举,或含蓄温和,或厚重奔放,成为“郭体”成熟的前期准备。新中国成立后,尤其是20世纪60年代,其书风更趋成熟、创作进入旺盛时期,其书风神洒落、精气饱满,豪放明快,一任天然;用笔讲究“回锋转向,逆入平出”,又巧于变化、深厚凝重,肯定果敢;结体大小错落、俯仰开合、平中寓奇,奇正相生,疏密虚实而相生、伸缩避让更多姿;章法节奏明快洒脱中见平实,韵味自然天成,浑然一体。郭沫若先生的书法以才情与功夫作底,以阅历强基,个性显貌,走的是碑帖融合的路子,他不像常人那样皓首穷经于传统某家某派,而是从一开始就将其天然个性与诗人的浪漫、洒脱、倔强注入到作品中,不愿作前人奴隶,而是化其神髓为己所用,煅己之风骨。其“郭体”书法,无愧为20世纪学者型书法的一个成功典范。
第三、作为一个“学者型书法家”,郭沫若先生有自己丰硕的书法研究成果。上世纪20年代末,郭沫若在日本避难期间,由金文甲骨入手,以字辩史,借史鉴今,开创了一种新的古文字研究模式,与董作宾(彦堂)、罗振玉(雪堂)、王国维(观堂)并称甲骨“四堂”。他谙熟了中国文字、书体的演变轨迹,其书法研究专著有《中国古代社会研究》、《甲骨文研究》、《两周金文辞图录考释》、《金文丛考》、《卜辞通纂》等。上世纪60年代,在毛泽东主席“笔墨官司,有比无好”的指示下,在郭沫若先生与高二适等人之间展开王羲之《兰亭序》真伪大辩论,极大地推动了书法研究的深入。兰亭论辩的后期,郭沫若先生的数篇论文,为学界所重,也是可以充分地反映出其深厚广博的学养的。
作为诗人,郭沫若先生还常以其诗文来增加书法的厚度,使其更好地服务于社会,贴紧时代的脉搏。他的笔墨间的深厚的文化底蕴和自强不息的民族精神常常破纸而出。新中国成立以后,郭沫若在全国各地名胜古迹、工矿学校、以及社会各界、海内外友人间留下难以计数的诗文、墨宝,无论数量或影响,非常人所能及。这些,绝不是当下一些以平方尺计价的所谓艺术家所能理解的,因为当下书法的服务对象与功能已经被一些不正常的思想扭曲、变形了。
历史留给我们这样一个 “学者型书法家”,其高度是显然的,其中没有什么新奇的怪招,也没有刻意勉强,郭沫若先生只是以书法来歌唱生活,歌唱生命。面对当下,我们应该思考一些什么呢? http://zjdaily.zjol.com.cn/msb/images/2007-09/22/mszb2007092200031v01b003.jpg http://zjdaily.zjol.com.cn/msb/images/2007-09/22/mszb2007092200031v01b002.jpg em2 em1 好字em1 em1 em2 em1 em1 em1 em5 郭老郭老诗多好的少
考古界的几大争议不都是由郭老引发的吗,最后事实证明,郭老是绝对错误的,可见虚假的终归是虚假的,学术面前人人平等
郭老的字好在哪里呢?到底好在哪里? 将石鼓定为先秦至为可恶. ***700;400;700,400;;*3; m159,114 l158,114,156,116,152,118,146,122,144,126,142,126,140,127,138,129,135,131,131,134,126,137,122,139,118,143,110,147,107,149,104,150,101,150,99,151,93,153,102,153 104,154,106,156,107,158,109,159,111,163,111,190,112,192,113,192,113,194,114,195,116,195,116,200,115,201,113,205,113,208,112,208,112,210,111,210,111,212,110,213 110,214,108,218,108,219,107,221,107,228,106,229,106,232,113,232,113,231,115,230,116,229,116,227,117,227,121,223,127,220,129,218,130,215,132,212 e|********* m150,173 l151,173,152,174,154,175,160,175,163,174,165,174,169,172,174,172,177,171,179,170,181,168,182,168,182,167,185,167 e|********* m167,173 l167,198,163,198 e|********* m146,200 l162,200,163,199,164,199,165,198,190,198 e|********* m301,101 l301,104,302,105,304,111,305,113,305,114,306,115,307,115,309,117,309,119,307,121 e|********* m271,139 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l333,214,332,215,332,216,331,216,331,217,330,218,330,219,329,219,329,221,330,221 e|********* m365,209 l366,209,366,210,367,211,368,211,368,213,371,216,371,218,374,218 e|********* m479,96 l480,96 e|********* m482,123 l482,126,483,127,483,142,482,144,481,145,481,148,480,149,480,151,479,151,479,154,478,155,478,156,477,157,477,159,476,159,476,161,475,161,475,163,474,164,474,165 473,166,473,167,472,168,472,170,471,170,471,172,475,168,477,167,478,166,479,166,480,165,480,164,481,164,481,162,482,162,483,161,483,158,484,156,485,155,486,153 488,153,489,152,491,151,492,149,492,148,495,139 e|********* m502,104 l508,104,514,101,516,101,516,100,518,100,521,97,522,97,523,96,525,96,525,95,527,93,528,93,529,91 e|********* m510,116 l509,118,508,119,508,156,507,157,507,159,506,159,506,156 e|********* m510,130 l512,128,513,128,515,127,516,127,520,125,521,125,523,124,524,123,525,123,526,122,535,122,536,123,536,124 e|********* m536,124 l536,126,533,129,533,130,532,130,531,131,531,132,528,135,527,137,526,138,526,139,525,139 e|********* m510,139 l511,138,513,138,515,137,517,137,518,136,519,136,521,135,523,135,523,134,525,134 e|********* m506,157 l525,157,527,156,529,156,529,155,534,155,534,154,535,154 e|********* m438,198 l444,198,446,197,448,197,450,196,453,195,455,194,464,191,466,190,478,186,484,186,486,185,486,184,488,183,491,183,492,182,511,182,513,181,516,180,532,180,534,179 535,179,537,178,559,178 e|********* m499,162 l499,164,502,167,502,173,503,174,503,179,504,182,505,183,506,185,506,223,505,223,505,224,504,224,502,226,501,226,495,220,493,219,492,216 e|********* m483,198 l483,199,482,200,482,201,481,202,481,203,480,205,480,207,479,208,478,210,478,212,477,213,477,214,479,214,483,212,488,210 e|********* m534,197 l536,197,537,198,537,199,538,199,539,200,540,202,542,202,542,203,544,204,545,205,546,207,547,210,549,212,550,212,551,213,552,213,553,212 e ***700;400;700,400;;** m70,65 l83,65,83,74,82,74,82,75,80,75,80,76,79,76,79,77,66,77,66,73,68,73,68,72,81,72,81,73,87,73 e|********* m91,68 l98,68,98,67,102,67,102,66,104,66,104,65,108,65,108,64,110,64 e|********* m103,49 l103,50,107,50,107,88,100,88,99,87,99,86,97,86,97,85,95,85,95,84 e|********* m95,77 l101,77 e|********* m127,61 l127,64,133,64,134,65,144,65,144,58 e|********* m135,50 l135,73 e|********* m125,73 l141,73,140,74,139,74,139,75,137,75,137,76,133,76,133,77,131,77,131,79,129,79,129,80,128,80,128,81,127,81,127,82,126,82,126,83,124,83,124,84 122,84,122,85,121,85,121,87,120,87,120,84 e|********* m131,81 l131,89,152,89,152,88,155,88,155,87,156,87,156,78 e|********* m128,55 l128,65,127,65 e|********* m194,58 l194,72,193,72,193,73,192,74,192,76,191,76,190,77,190,78,189,78,188,79,188,80,176,80 e|********* m192,72 l192,76,204,76,204,78,207,78,207,79,217,79 e|********* m241,57 l247,57,247,56,248,56,249,55,251,55,251,54,252,54,253,53,254,53,254,52,256,52,256,51,260,51,260,53,259,53,258,54,257,54,256,55,256,56,252,56 252,57,251,58,250,58,248,60,246,60,243,63,243,66,242,67,242,68,241,69,241,71,240,72,240,69,241,68,242,68,242,67,243,67,243,66,244,66,245,65 250,65,252,63,254,63,254,62,258,62,258,61,260,61,260,60,271,60,271,64,259,64,259,63 e|********* m248,59 l248,69,249,69,249,68,250,67,251,67,251,57,252,57,252,56,254,56,254,69 e|********* m245,73 l256,73,256,72,260,72,260,71,261,71,261,72,260,72,259,73,258,73,258,74,257,74,257,75,256,75,256,77,255,77,255,81,254,81,254,82,253,83,252,83 252,84,249,84,249,85,247,85,247,86,249,86,252,89,254,89,256,91,269,91,271,92,272,92,273,93,274,93,274,92,273,92,273,90,272,90,272,89,271,88 271,87,270,87,270,85,269,85,269,84,267,82 e|********* m264,76 l264,79,263,79,263,81,262,81,262,82,261,83,260,83,260,85,259,85,259,86,258,86,258,87,250,87,250,88,248,88,248,89,234,89,234,88,232,86,232,85 231,85,231,83 e|********* m229,79 l245,79,245,78,269,78,269,77,271,77,271,76,275,76 e|********* m306,50 l314,50,314,51,315,51,315,59,304,59,304,61,306,61,307,60,315,60,315,59,324,59,324,58,328,58,328,64,327,64,326,65,326,66,325,66,325,67,322,67 e|********* m310,64 l310,66,309,66,309,69,307,69,307,70,306,70,306,69,307,69,308,68,309,68,309,66,310,66,310,65,312,65,312,64,314,64,314,63,319,63,319,70,318,71 318,73,317,73,317,74,316,74,316,76,315,77,315,78,314,78,314,79,313,79,312,80,286,80,286,76,288,74,289,74,289,73,290,73,290,72,291,72,291,71 293,71,293,70,329,70,330,71,331,71,331,78,332,79,332,87,328,87,328,86,326,86,325,85,324,85,324,84,323,84,322,83,319,83,319,82,312,82,312,83 311,83,311,84,310,84,310,85,309,86,309,87,308,88,308,94,312,94,312,90,313,90,313,89,315,89,315,88,322,88,322,92,321,92,321,93,320,93,320,94 319,94,319,95,318,95,318,96,326,96,326,94 e|********* m352,69 l360,69,360,74,359,75,359,78,357,80,357,81,356,81,356,83,355,84,355,85,354,85,353,86,353,87,345,87,345,85,344,85,344,79,347,79,350,80,351,80 352,81,355,83,365,83,365,75,366,74,366,79 e|********* m369,66 l371,66,371,65,372,65,372,64,374,64,374,63,378,63,378,64,379,65,379,84,378,84,378,87,376,85,374,84,373,84,372,83,372,82,371,82,371,80,370,80 370,87,369,88,369,90,368,90,368,91,367,91,367,92,366,92,366,93,364,93,364,88 e|********* m373,84 l373,95,387,95,387,94,392,94,392,86 e|********* m404,90 l404,94 e|********* m425,70 l425,77,424,77,424,78,423,78,423,79,422,79,422,81,421,81 e|********* m439,70 l440,70,440,72,444,76,444,77,446,79,449,79 e|********* m433,79 l433,80,432,80,432,86,431,86,431,87,430,87,429,88,429,89,428,89,428,92,427,92,427,93,428,93,431,95,433,96,438,96,438,95,439,95,439,94,440,93 440,91,439,91,439,87 e|********* m439,87 l438,87,438,88,439,88,440,89,440,94,444,94,444,95,445,95,445,94,444,94 e|********* m467,78 l471,78,471,77,481,77,481,76,483,76,483,75,487,75,487,76,485,76,485,78,484,79,484,87,483,87,483,91 e|********* m485,88 l486,88,486,87,488,87,488,86 e|********* m471,85 l471,99,469,99 e|********* m459,97 l459,99,464,99,464,98,469,98,469,97,471,97,471,96,493,96 e|********* m484,87 l484,94 e|********* m485,85 l496,85 e|********* m507,86 l521,86,521,79,518,79,518,78,516,78,516,99,518,99,518,98,519,98,519,97,520,97,520,96,521,95,522,95,522,94,523,94,523,93,525,93,525,92,526,92 527,91,528,91,528,90,529,90,529,88,531,88,531,87,532,86,533,86,533,85,534,85,535,84,537,83,538,83,539,82,540,82,540,81,542,81,542,80,549,80 549,86,548,86,548,87,537,87,537,85,536,85,536,92,535,91,535,89,534,89,534,86,533,86,532,85,531,85,531,84,525,84,525,92,559,92,559,83 e|********* m535,74 l535,86 e|********* m570,71 l576,71,576,72,577,72,577,75,578,76 e|********* m567,80 l577,80,577,96,579,96,579,95,580,95,580,93,581,92,581,90,582,90,582,89,583,88,583,85 e|********* m586,73 l599,73,596,74,596,75,589,75,589,76,588,76,588,78,587,78,587,82,589,82,590,83,594,83,594,81,600,81,600,80,604,80,604,84,584,84,584,85,583,85 583,90,586,90,586,89,588,89,588,88,612,88,612,87 e|********* m594,78 l594,99 e|********* m626,78 l626,80,625,80,625,86,624,86,624,88,623,88,623,89,619,89,619,90,615,90,615,89,616,88,617,88,617,86 e|********* m625,85 l625,90,624,90,624,91,623,91,623,95,622,95,622,96 e|********* m643,71 l643,72,642,72,642,73,640,75,640,76,639,76,639,78,638,78,638,80,637,80,637,81,636,81,636,83,635,83,635,84,633,84,633,85,632,85,632,86,630,86 630,84 e|********* m638,81 l646,81,648,82,650,82 e|********* m634,84 l634,87,636,87,636,97 e|********* m645,87 l645,89,644,89,644,92,643,92,643,94,642,94,642,96,641,96,641,101,640,102,640,104,639,105,639,122,638,122,638,121,637,121,635,119,634,119 e|********* m647,81 l652,81,653,82,658,82,658,83 e
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